Gender-based differences of inflammatory, coagulation, and cardiac markers in COVID-19 patients in Erbil city

Authors

  • Zhikal Omar Khudhur Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University - Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  • Sonia Elia Ishaq Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University- Erbil, Iraq
  • Rebaz Hamza Salih Ministry of Health, Kurdistan Regional Government. Erbil-Iraq ,PAR Private Hospital, Kurdistan Regional Government. Erbil-Iraq
  • Karzan Abdullah Ministry of Health, Kurdistan Regional Government. Erbil-Iraq,School of Medicine, University of Kurdistan Hewler, KRG, Iraq,Zanco Private Hospital, Kurdistan Regional Government. Erbil-Iraq
  • Dahat Hawezy Department of Internal medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  • Karwan Yasin Mohammed Rozhawa Emergency Hospital-Erbil, DOH-Erbil. ,Erbil Emergency medicine Training Centre, Emergency Medicine program, Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties. Erbil-Iraq
  • Goran Qadir Othman Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Erbil Health and Medical Technical College, Erbil Polytechnic University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  • Shukur Wasman Smail Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University- Erbil, Iraq,Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Keywords:

COVID-19, D-dimer, inflammatory markers, LDH, sex difference

Abstract

In December 2019, a new coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in Wuhan city and quickly became a global health issue.
COVID-19 causes various symptoms ranging from no symptoms to potentially deadly pneumonia. The
study aimed to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on immune response and the
differences in inflammatory, coagulation, and cardiac biomarkers between male and female patients.
Between June 1st and November 1st, 2020, 95 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were studied
at Zanko Hospital. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed using the real-time RT-PCR technique. All
cases were analyzed for clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data. On average, the patients were
50.64 (SEM= 2.359) years old, with 61 males and 34 females. The patients had elevated C-reactive
protein (CRP), which was 43.96 (SEM= 6.154), while the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was
50.50 (SEM= 5.498). The mean of D-Dimer, ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were 1.204
(SEM= 0.164), 534.7 (SEM= 61.48), and 366.6 (SEM= 36.81), respectively. There were no significant
differences in the study's data mentioned above between male and female patients. In conclusion,
inflammation is the most prominent symptom in COVID-19 patients, and males and females are
nearly equally affected.

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Published

2023-02-01

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 2 (2022): Vol 12-Issue 2

Section

Articles